How Video Games Impact A Human - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2862 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/05/06 Category Entertainment Essay Level High school Tags: Video Games Essay Did you like this example? The goal of this research paper was to answer one question. Which way do video games impact people the most? Socially, mentally, physically, or academically? This paper covers a variety of topics, spanning from common myths about video games to the framework of how the human mind processes information. The conclusion that was reached is that video games impact people the most socially. The criteria used to reach a conclusion were studies and statistics from members of the scientific community. Video Games and the Impact they have on a Human 1.2 billion people on the planet Earth play video games daily (Soper). Out of these 1.2 billion people, 700 million of them play video games daily (Soper). Video games are known to affect people in a plethora of ways. These ways include mentally, physically, socially, and academically. However, video games impact people more so socially then they do mentally, physically, or academically. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How Video Games Impact A Human?" essay for you Create order One way video games can impact someone is socially. A monumental way video games help is by improving peoples teamwork capability. Contradictory to popular belief, video games prove more helpful than hindering. However, according to a study by the Entertainment Software Association, 46% of gamers play cooperatively and 54% play in multiplayer.Co-operative gaming would be the equivalent to playing a game with someone whos using the same screen as whoever they are playing with, such as sharing a T.V. Multiplayer gaming is equivalent to playing online with multiple people at the same time. This shows that many gamers are actually talking and interacting with people while in the midst of gaming. This relates to real life interaction because it involves basic skills such as discussing and convening with people about a particular topic. A myth about video games is that theyre played by antisocial people who sit inside all day. When looking at the numbers, video games are more popular than a brand new movie playing at cinemas all across the United States. In 2014 Blizzard released the game Destiny and made $325 million dollars within its first five days of release (La Monica). Compared to the remake of Jurassic World that topped the box-office that summer with making only $70 million dollars in U.S. ticket sales (La Monica). Another way video games can improve teamwork is by helping with communication. Playing video games is mostly about socializing and communicating. Also, many teens have said that in addition to communicating about the particular game to others, they often relate what is going on in the game to society today (Kananowitz). When playing cooperative games such as the Battlefield or Call of Duty series teamwork is vital. Playing video games forces you to communicate with the other individuals and work together to get the mission accomplished (Kananowitz). This is made possible by the resurgence in communicating while playing. Major gaming industries such as Microsoft or Sony allow their systems to have voice-chats and parties where fellow players can communicate. For example, if a group of friends wanted to play Call of Duty together they could all simply join a party together and then from there coordinate how or when they wanted to play. A party on Xbox is just like a normal birthday party someone could have in real life. Theyre both places where people can be invited too and converse about whatever they want; from there they can go do other things such as play games. However, there are two different types of chats or parties one can be in. The first option is the party chat, where one can only talk to the people that were invited party, which makes it the users choice, and they wouldnt communicate with anyone else in the game theyre playing. The second type of chat one can be in is a game chat. In the game chat people are open to talk to anyone that is in the game. If there was a game with 100 players, it could be possible to talk with all 100 people in the game. To do this a headset; in order to have a vessel in which to carry out the communication, is quintessential. Yet, these headsets can still be wildly pricy. Popular brands such as Turtle Beach or HyperX can cost anywhere from $29.99-$249.99. Cases of headsets over $200 are usually from more hardcore players, so the casual video game fan can still find a quality pair from $19.99-$79.99. Another way video games can improve social skills is by teaching how to support others. When playing video games its important to have everyones cooperation to complete the game, its important to support each other and help out whoever they are playing with. This is most common in RPGs (role playing games) such as World of Warcraft and The Elder Scrolls. In these types of games its usual to play in a group of four to five people, each person has a specific skill that another member of the party doesnt have. For example, one member of the party might need a certain type of potion in order to defeat a monster, but another member of the party is the only one who can create potions. Although it is fairly new, competitive gaming has had quite the rise in popularity throughout the last couple years. More specifically theyre called eSports, and their popularity is growing at an astounding rate. In a study by Anders Hval Olsen of Cornell University it indicates that, the eSport audience is p rojected to increase by 305.51% from 2014-2019 (Olsen). The study also indicates that the virtual streaming audience will increase 140.61% within those same years (Olsen). These numbers indicate that the amount of people who will be watching these eSports will steadily increase throughout the next couple of years. In comparison, its like the increase of attendance at a baseball game. These eSports can become more useful socially in the coming years. This is because it could simply be used as an icebreaker in a conversation. Its common knowledge that a good conversation starter is to ask about someones favorite sports team, such as the Boston Red Sox or New England Patriots. If eSports sustain their current increase in popularity, the future question may be, Whos your favorite eSports team? This is how video games ultimately help people with their teamwork skills. The final way video games help people is socially is by teaching how to be compassionate. A three month study by the U.S. National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health included 375 subjects, male and female, between the ages of 13-29 and had them put into either an intervention or control group. The intervention group played a video game that stipulated many things such as knowledge, stress, and control, while the control group was simply normal. In the end the implication was that the intervention group showed an increase in things such as self love and knowledge (Kato). Next, video games can also help players have a much more supportive mindset, in the same manner that a sports team would. For a better perspective, on a baseball team people are constantly bound to be fallible, which can induce gargantuan amounts of stress and anger. Yet, after a hard practice full of blunders the coach will never begin to throw a fit and scream at every individual that screwed up. Ins tead, the coach will simply tell the player to pick their head up, and keep on trying their hardest. Video games are like this because when one is playing a video game such as Madden or NBA 2K and y lose, they cant exactly throw a giant fit about it. Theyll just need to realize that they cant always win, but they can always keep practicing and try again. Also, gaining a supportive mindset can allow someone to become a much more kind, caring, and accepting person. That is the final way that video games can help people socially. Although video games mostly impact people socially, they can impact them in other ways as well. A major way video games can also have an impact is physically. Even though its hard to believe, certain types of video games can be beneficial to someones health. In an experiment by the American Psychological Association they had 147 young adults between the ages of 18-35 play 13 minutes of Dance Dance Revolution on the Playstation 3 using the Move Motion Controllers while measuring their energy levels using calorimetry. In an article by Eleuterio Ferrannini calorimetry is described as the method in which the type and rate of substrate utilization, and energy metabolism are estimated in vivo starting from gas exchange measurements (Ferrannini). The result of the experiment showed that while playing the video game, the subjects had there engagement, enjoyment, and BMI (Body Mass Index) levels all increased. This also shows that video games that are more engaging and active can cause higher energy levels (activity) and leads to the burning of calories (Ferrannini). These types of activity inducing games are sold for video game consoles such as the Wii or for the Xbox 360s Kinect System. As fantastic as these types of games are, they have one monumental downside, theyre just not popular anymore. The Kinect was introduced by Microsoft in the summer of 2009, and it looked like it was set for success. It was a fresh idea that used motion sensor and infrared technology which allowed players to play games and control their Xbox system by simply using their own voice or body. It was decently priced, as one could purchase it separately for $150 or purchase it with an Xbox system for a total of $299. The Kinect system sold about 30 million units in its shortened span of popularity, from its release in 2009 to its ultimate discontinuation in 2017 (Weinberger). The Kinects last reach for success was in 2013 when it added new voice commands prior to the release of the new; at the time, Xbox One (International Business Times). It was discontinued because it simply couldnt keep up with the ravaging popularity of normal video games. For example, in 2014 Call of Duty: Advanced Warf are was released for Xbox 360 and according to TechSpot, it had amassed 21 million copies sold in the United States. It also was the best selling game of that year. While in 2014 the best selling Kinect game was Kinect Sports Rivals which had 8.5 million copies sold in the United States (Campbell). Another example of video games that can promote and help people physically is Pokemon Go. An experiment was conducted on Pokemon Go over the span of 3 months. The experiment had 32,000 users wear special Microsoft Bands that track their physical activity by using sensory data. The players were identified by certain search engines, the physical activity is measured by accelerometers. After a check in 30 days later, the data shown that all users had a 25% increase in their physical activity levels compared to their prior levels. This is an extra 1,473 steps for each person daily (Eysenbach). Although contradictory to popular belief, video games can also improve your eyesight. More specifically they can improve your reading ability. A study by Sandro Franceschini stated that children with dyslexia who play fast paced action video games such as Call of Duty can actually improve their reading abilities. Sandro says children with dyslexia who played AVG showed an improvement in visuo-spatial and temporal attentional shifting matched with an improvement in reading speed without any increase in reading errors (Franceschini). That is how video games can impact people in a physical way. A third way video games can be impactful is mentally. A positive way that they can affect someone is by improving their executive functioning. Executive functioning is when your prefrontal cortex chooses how someone might react to certain situations. This essentially means that video games can affect peoples decision making skills. A study by Melissa T. Buelow had an experiment that tested the effects video games had on decision making. With 228 undergraduates (114 male and 114 female) she had one group play video games actively for 30 minutes while the control group did not. After this she had both groups take the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) and then compared the results. The Iowa Gambling Task is a test that shows how the user makes decisions as well as how they perform under pressure. Its based off the Somatic Marker Hypothesis created by a neuroscientist named Antonio Damasio in 1998 (Chiu). As it turns out the group that had played video games actively prior to the task performed b etter on it then the control group that hadnt played the games. Next, video games can have an impact in a plethora of ways, but its been discovered that in some cases they can cause a mental disorder. An article by Bruce Y. Lee says this about the so called Gaming Disorder, gaming disorder is characterized by a pattern of persistent or recurring gaming behavior. He also believes this disorder is mostly caused by the duration of time someone spends playing video games. Also, he says that it can be associated with mood swings. Check whether your gaming has increased over time and if there have been accompanying changes in your mood (e.g. becoming moodier, crankier, more irritable, or depressed) (Lee). The third way video games help socially is by boosting problem solving skills. Firstly, video games can also help the brain learn a simple, but helpful strategy which is simply called, rest and reset. This simple strategy is a subliminal way to cause a persons brain to take a break from what theyre doing and then come back to it later with a clearer mind. An example of this strategy goes way back to the summer of 1905. At this time a 26 year old Albert Einstein was going through a debilitating problem. He was trying to figure out which of these two things were wrong: James Maxwells Equation or Isaac Newtons famous Laws of Gravity. He then talked about his dilemma to his friend Michele Besso. Einstein, feeling utterly abysmal, told Besso that he was going to give up on the problem he had been thinking so intensely about. Once he shoved the thoughts to the back of his mind, he decided to head home. On the way home he looked outside at a large tower and wondered what would happen if he went by it in a car at the speed of light. He then looked at his stopwatch, and realized that the car would move normally (May). This helped Albert Einstein solve his dilemma of which one of the geniuses was wrong. It also proves that when someone take a break from a problem then come back to it, theyll think a lot clearer. This is how video games help with problem solving abilities. The fourth and final way video games can have an impact is academically. This is shown by video games helping with peoples memories. In video games its crucial to always listen to the tutorials so the player will know how to play the game. Since these tutorials usually teach the basics of the gameplay they only show up in the beginning stages of the game. Also, Its key to remember a variety of combinations for the buttons on the controllers. When playing a video game the player cant just look at their controller and the screen at the same time so theyll need to be able to memorize the layout of the buttons and which ones relay which commands (A is to jump, B is to crouch, X is to punch, etc.). Another way videogames can help academically is by helping foreign peoples ability to learn English. A study was done that tested how much video games could impact Saudi Arabian childrens ability to learn English. The experimental group of 30 Saudi Arabian girls in Kindergarten used video games pre-selected by the British Council to help them learn English. The control group; the other 30 Saudi Arabian girls, learned vocabulary the old-fashioned way, using methods such as flashcards. At the end of the experiment the two groups took the same test that challenged their knowledge of English. The conclusion was that the experimental group had a much higher median score than the control group (Alshaiji). Video games can also help people; more specifically kids, academically by teaching them about the inner-workings of the human body. There are video games called serious games that increase kids understanding of various things in the human body (Fiellen). For example, theres a game called Re-Emission thats aimed at teens and young adults learning about cancer. In the game, the player controls a nanobot that traverses through a 3D environment of what the body of a cancer patient would look like (Fiellen). As they go through the new environment theyll encounter things such as cancer cells and other ailments. After the experience the people who played the game demonstrated a greater knowledge about cancer and how it affects the body (Fiellen). To further elaborate video games are extremely impactful in a multitude of ways. Albeit socially, physically, mentally, or academically. In this day and age technology is at an all time high. Its imperative that people know about the effects that technology can have on them, as well as the implications that may follow.

Preventing Delinquency And Its Effects On Society

Preventing delinquency, says Peter Greenwood, not only saves young lives from being wasted, but also prevents adult criminal careers and reduces the burden of crime on its victims and on society. He claims that it costs states billions of dollars a year to arrest, prosecute, incarcerate, and treat juvenile offenders. Investing in successful delinquency-prevention programs can save taxpayers seven to ten dollars for every dollar invested, primarily in the form of reduced spending on prisons. The most successful community-based programs are those that have huge family interactions, probably because they focus on providing skills to the adults who are in the best position to supervise and train the child. (Sanders (2005) (Greenwood, 2008) states that researchers have identified many â€Å"proven delinquency-prevention programs. Other programs such as these are still being looked into. In his article, Greenwood reviews the methods used to identify the best programs, explains how progra m success is measured and it can play a huge role in many communities and different forms of society The most successful programs are those that prevent youth from engaging in delinquent behaviors from the jump, before it even really sprouts out. Greenwood specifically cites home-visiting programs that target pregnant teens and their at-risk infants and preschool education for at-risk children that includes home visits or work with parents. Successful school-based programs are very useful becauseShow MoreRelatedBreaking Down the Walls of Delinquency1685 Words   |  7 PagesObviously something is going on in today’s society if more and more children are committing delinquent crimes. Sometimes a researcher has to get to what he or she thinks is the root of the problem to figure out what spawns a certain issue. 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Organizational Theories Response free essay sample

Theories Charles Henderson CSS 210 university of Phoenix JOSHUA BURNS January 27th, 2013 The different levels of law enforcement agencies all revolve around theories. The theories that are associated with law enforcement are the Organizational Theory, Management Theory. Within the Organizational Theory the departments are out to achieve specific goals. For example an organizational theory off police department could be to ensure that the Juvenile crime rate within specific areas are under intro.To ensure that the Juvenile crime rates are under control a specific police organization wealth a community could be tasked with monitoring Juvenile crime and actively wealth the community In effort to bring the crimes committed by Juvenile delinquents down too minimum. The management theory within law enforcement revolves around ensuring that all of the police officers within a police department and the community are being properly managed.This would include managing all of the police officers within a police apartment to ensure that you have the right officers in the right areas for the right jobs. We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Theories Response or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The management theory will also help to combat crime because a police commissioner would be able to manage the police officers under his or her charge to ensure that the right amount of officer are in the right places at the right time. The organizational theory breaks down how our law enforcement agencies are run.Within the different law enforcement agencies every agency Is broken down and organized. This gives a structure a chain of command to follow and breaks down the responsibilities wealth a specific law enforcement agency. References: Police Management: Police Management. (2002). Retrieved from http://Roxbury. Montages/PDF/ much . PDF Organizational Theory: Foundations of Organizational Theory . (2010). Retrieved from http:// vim. Tormentor. Com/4000/40001ect01. HTML BY Catabolic University of Phoenix achieve specific goals.

Stages of grief free essay sample

The stages of mourning and grief are universal and are experienced by people from all walks of life. Mourning occurs in response to an individual’s own terminal illness or to the death of a valued being, human or animal. There are five stages of normal grief that were first proposed by Elisabeth Kà ¼bler-Ross in her 1969 book â€Å"On Death and Dying.† In our bereavement, we spend different lengths of time working through each step and express each stage more or less intensely. The five stages do not necessarily occur in order. We often move between stages before achieving a more peaceful acceptance of death. Many of us are not afforded the luxury of time required to achieve this final stage of grief. The death of your loved one might inspire you to evaluate your own feelings of mortality. Throughout each stage, a common thread of hope emerges: As long as there is life, there is hope. We will write a custom essay sample on Stages of grief or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As long as there is hope, there is life. Many people do not experience the stages in the order listed below, which is okay. The key to understanding the stages is not to feel like you must go through every one of them, in precise order. Instead, it’s more helpful to look at them as guides in the grieving process — it helps you understand and put into context where you are. 1. Denial and Isolation The first reaction to learning of terminal illness or death of a cherished loved one is to deny the reality of the situation. It is a normal reaction to rationalize overwhelming emotions. It is a defense mechanism that buffers the immediate shock. We block out the words and hide from the facts. This is a temporary response that carries us through the first wave of pain. 2. Anger As the masking effects of denial and isolation begin to wear, reality and its pain re-emerge. We are not ready. The intense emotion is deflected from our vulnerable core, redirected and expressed instead as anger. The anger may be aimed at inanimate objects, complete strangers, friends or family. Anger may be directed at our dying or deceased loved one. Rationally, we know the person is not to be blamed. Emotionally, however, we may resent the person for causing us pain or for leaving us. We feel guilty for being angry, and this makes us more angry. Remember, grieving is a personal process that has no time limit, nor one â€Å"right† way to do it. The doctor who diagnosed the illness and was unable to cure the disease might become a convenient target. Health professionals deal with death and dying every day. That does not make them immune to the suffering of their patients or to those who grieve for them. Do not hesitate to ask your doctor to give you extra time or to explain just once more the details of your loved one’s illness. Arrange a special appointment or ask that he telephone you at the end of his day. Ask for clear answers to your questions regarding medical diagnosis and treatment. Understand the options available to you. Take your time. 3. Bargaining The normal reaction to feelings of helplessness and vulnerability is often a need to regain control– †¢If only we had sought medical attention sooner†¦ †¢If only we got a second opinion from another doctor†¦ †¢If only we had tried to be a better person toward them†¦ Secretly, we may make a deal with God or our higher power in an attempt to postpone the inevitable. This is a weaker line of defense to protect us from the painful reality. 4. Depression Two types of depression are associated with mourning. The first one is a reaction to practical implications relating to the loss. Sadness and regret predominate this type of depression. We worry about the costs and burial. We worry that, in our grief, we have spent less time with others that depend on us. This phase may be eased by simple clarification and reassurance. We may need a bit of helpful cooperation and a few kind words. The second type of depression is more subtle and, in a sense, perhaps more private. It is our quiet preparation to separate and to bid our loved one farewell. Sometimes all we really need is a hug. 5. Acceptance Reaching this stage of mourning is a gift not afforded to everyone. Death may be sudden and unexpected or we may never see beyond our anger or denial. It is not necessarily a mark of bravery to resist the inevitable and to deny ourselves the opportunity to make our peace. This phase is marked by withdrawal and calm. This is not a period of happiness and must be distinguished from depression. Loved ones that are terminally ill or aging appear to go through a final period of withdrawal. This is by no means a suggestion that they are aware of their own impending death or such, only that physical decline may be sufficient to produce a similar response. Their behavior implies that it is natural to reach a stage at which social interaction is limited. The dignity and grace shown by our dying loved ones may well be their last gift to us. Coping with loss is a ultimately a deeply personal and singular experience — nobody can help you go through it more easily or understand all the emotions that you’re going through. But others can be there for you and help comfort you through this process. The best thing you can do is to allow yourself to feel the grief as it comes over you. Resisting it only will prolong the natural process of healing. Related Resources †¢The Truth About Grief Loss †¢Children Grief †¢The Truth About Grief: The Myth of Its Five Stages (Book Review) †¢On Grief, Loss and Coping APA Reference Axelrod, J. (2006). The 5 Stages of Loss and Grief. Psych Central. Retrieved on October 21, 2013, from http://psychcentral.com/lib/the-5-stages

Charity fundraising. Common solutions

Charity fundraising. Common solutions Charity fundraising. Common solutions To reach out to the community and make people talk about you, one can launch an advertising campaign. However, this attitude is not always true with charity, where you have to encourage large corporations to invest for the future. We understand the value of such gatherings and want you to know what you can do to gather fundraisers for an event. Businesses that operate on a local level often reach out to clients to cover the costs for the social event, and if it happens to be charity, it will only increase their chances to support their name and maintain reputation. If you haven’t found the right sponsor yet, we are going to provide you with a few tips on how to do this:   Ã‚  Ã‚   Use your connections. Talk to people you know and communicate with the members of the board. They may personally know business owners, who are interested in funding the charity event and receiving additional bonuses for hosting it on a high-end level. If you are lucky, you will be introduced to some very influential individuals, who can be of great help whenever it comes to a charity event.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Plan the event ahead. Every time we talk about raising funds, we should remember that it is an opportunity for the sponsor to make an association with their names. In other words, when larger businesses facilitate your budget, they hope to receive their fair share of advertising in return, even if it is charity. These are the rules of the game, and by creating a scenario of the future venue in your head, you make it easier for sponsors to follow your thought.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Think of the assets. Before the event takes place, make a small excursion around the area to identify the best places for the brand name of the company. Like any other venue, charity organization demands time and effort. You should search for all potential spots where the commercial banners can be placed so that they catch the guests’ eye immediately. However, you should not make your advertising tacky, as the objective of the venue does not represent commerce alone.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Provide the goody bags. We all need encouragement, so do not forget to present your guests with a memorable gift. It does not necessarily have to be a luxury item or a golden piece (after all, we are talking about raising money for a good cause – they don’t call them goody bags for nothing). However, you can opt for a notebook with the company’s initials and basic information about the aim of venue. Frequently, guests are presented with the bags at the entrance, but you can do this throughout the party to produce an impression.   Establishing the relationships If you think that your venue details are in order, it is time to manage relationships between the sponsors. You should be as diplomatic as possible, and remember to stick to the original plan. In case you are on a limited budget and the local businesses cover all the costs, you should still be ready to provide an outlay of the future event. Once you know your sponsors are going to be with you, you should delegate someone on your team to ensure friendly relations throughout the entire campaign. This is done in order to secure future meetings: in case you plan to organize similar events in a couple of months, you want your sponsors to keep coming back to you no matter what.   Venue recap Delegate people who are good at communication and are excellent conversationalists. Assisting a charity event is no easy job, and you will need as many helping hands as you are able to find. Discuss the event prior to its start in order to clear up the details and make sure you found a mutual agreement in terms of finance and logos. In case you have contrasting opinions or your views differ on the objective of the event, share them with your colleagues and members of the board, so that you can come to similar conclusions together. After the event is over, do not forget to send a letter of gratitude to all your sponsors, indicating the number of the guests that attended the party, the money raised and the general impressions of the public. It would be a wise gesture to thank your fundraisers for the opportunities provided. We always think of a charity event as a duty, but there is a side to this issue you probably never knew, especially if you are the head of the group, responsible for the venue and everything, related to it. Do not underestimate the importance of recapping an event and highlighting the details, as you inform your sponsors of the press coverage. Their name should be associated with the event, and the goody bags we mentioned in the beginning will help the guests remember the organizers. Local businesses are no exception to the rule when they want to give feedback to their customers and deliver the best performance, whether it is an advertising campaign or a charity issue.

Dinner With Friends Analysis essays

Dinner With Friends Analysis essays As a wonderfully enjoyable play, Dinner With Friends delivers to audiences a very prevalent situation in relationships during this decade; The situation being, divorce. Set in a area of New England, Dinner With Friends shows a difficult period in two fourty year-old married couples, and long time friends lives. The characters ethnic background is not brought into subject during the play, however, I assumed they were white of European decent. However, the roles could be performed by any race of actors. This scene contains one of the married couples, Tom and Beth. Tom is a lawyer and a fairly to the point individual. He speaks what he feels and holds no emotions back. Beth, Toms wife, is a very free soul. Beth has no set job. Her focus in life is set primarily on her art and her family. The scene in which I am analyzing takes place at the end of act one, scene two. In this episode we have the character Tom, played by myself, confronting my wife Beth, played by Krista Musser, about a situation that took place earlier in the evening. Beth, along with her children, had dinner with the couples best friends, Gabe and Karen. At the conclusion of dinner Beth informed both Gabe and Karen that her husband has cheated on her with another woman. In fact, the reason Tom is not able to attend the dinner, according to Beth, is because Tom has a plane flight that night and is to meet up with his stewardess affairess Nancy. Tom arrives to his and Beths house late that night; The kids are already asleep and Beth is ready for bed as well. Tom, coming in with heavy clothes, due to the snow falling down outside, enters the couples bedroom. After coming in Tom receives a cold welcome from Beth along with a confrontation on how he should not come and go as he pleases in the house once the two are officially divorced. Tom, however, is very interested about the dinner with Gabe and Karen and ...

Foundations of psychohistory by Llyod DeMause. Summary essay

Foundations of psychohistory by Llyod DeMause. Summary - Essay Example It is in this context that the author is of the opinion that in an event that other mothers would be brought to the world, then the children would be totally different (DeMause 2). This means that a lot needs to be done in the childhood stage of an individual. It is more wary that child rearing became an obvious activity for the psychologists, anthropologists and sociologists. This leaves the historian with a tricky starting point to understand childhood. Studies of the child have not been documented, making it more tasking for the historian. The new era of studying the child, according to the psychogenic theory, is linked with the development of the parent-child relationships, the generational change, emerging needs of the ‘novel’ child, and the psychic organization of passing of generations (DeMause 3). The author brings out the concept of projective and reversal reactions that have been major determinants of the kind of family that is brought up.

FDA FELLOSHIP ADMISSION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

FDA FELLOSHIP ADMISSION - Essay Example at provided the impetus for my application for the Fellowship Program offered by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), in conjunction with both personal and professional goals. I share the same mission embodied in FDA’s mission statement, to wit: â€Å"The FDA is responsible for protecting the public health by assuring the safety, efficacy and security of human and veterinary drugs, biological products, medical devices, our Nation’s food supply, cosmetics, and products that emit radiation. The FDA is also responsible for advancing the public health by helping to speed innovations that make medicines and foods more effective, safer, and more affordable; and helping the public get the accurate, science-based information they need to use medicines and foods to improve their health† (U.S. Food and Drug Adminisration (FDA), 2011, p. 1). The recognition for focusing my professional expertise in the field of public health was actually spurred from my previous volunteer works in HIV prevention and treatment in the city of Aneho in Lome (Togo, West Africa); in child and maternity health in the city of Tsievie in Lome (Togo, West Africa); in imm unization campaign in Aneho, Togo; and through servicing underserved segments of the population. Although sharing the same relevance in serving the needs of health compromised people in the private sector, the field of public health posed greater challenges in terms of trying to be an instrumental contributor to the betterment of the lives of a greater number of people. Likewise, I also realized that in putting my dedicated efforts in public health, I would be serving the needs, not only of my local community, but the medical breakthroughs are cumulatively applicable on a more global scale. I remember clearly that as a child, I had a fair trip in a local community in my country (Cameroon) where I witnessed poverty and need for high quality healthcare provider for the underserved population. The vivid memory nurtured my love

Identification of Country Specific Social Infrastructure Problems Essay Example for Free

Identification of Country Specific Social Infrastructure Problems Essay Having a sound understanding on the economic procedures of different nations can greatly help each one of them to combat internal social problems. With the establishment of international organizations to assist poor countries in structuring their societies, it is of utmost importance to provide them with the basic facts of the dilemmas experienced by low-performing economies. A great deal to support the functional institutions is to assist them in coming up with a credible and non-biased sets of facts about the countries which they intend to assist. Â   Apparently, there are some cases in which monetary assistances do not actually reach the full potential of social projects due to inevitable factors such as inefficient fund allocation, corruption and unidentified resolution effects. In this aspect, it is very important to have a reliable source of information about the priority problems of each country in terms of social infrastructure building. Objectives The main objective of the research proposal is to come up with a reliable database which will tabulate the economic problems of each underdeveloped economy. These information will be used to support the programs of international funding organizations such as IMF and the World Bank. These databases will incorporate the designation of a single standard outline which will then effectively identify the problems of the states, the key priority acts in resolving them and the estimated enough allocation of funds. Methodology In order to have a database of country profiles, it is necessary to collect data at the lowest parameter of the study-the countries themselves. Primarily, each country has its own varying degrees of social law implementation which addresses the supposedly obvious problems of each economy. 1. Global Identification of Developing/Underdeveloped countries. The list of countries belonging in these segments is available from the United Nations’ country data profile. This may save the research procedure some time and financial resources since countries will be narrowed down into a specific list. 2. After the gathering of country profiles, the next approach is to retrieve data values from respective government agencies of each country through personal office visits, e-mail transmission or telephone and telefax reception of data. The main facts which will be needed are yearly budget allocation for social welfare programs, population of each country, GDP rates, specific population of women and children, government yearly spending on health care and general infrastructure budget allocation which are all basically used as country performance indicators (Cool Fire Technology, 2004). These values will be tabulated on a computer program for easy filtering and ranking of data values in prioritizing specific country concerns. 3. Upon the retrieval of the designated data, they will then be compared to the instructional references of the World Bank or IMF to identify which of the countries will most likely need to get assistances from the two international organizations. Afterwards, a full recommendation for assistance may be requested from them to highlight the importance of helping the countries based on the specific country profile report gathering. Timeline The procedures involving the retrieval of country specific data may be regarded as the most extensive and most demanding factor in terms of time frame allocation. This procedure is projected to cover at least three to four months. If the latest country data is available from reliable resources, then those data will be used instead of conducting country specific data retrieval and interviews. On the procedures which involve the submission of reports to the funding agencies, the time expected for completion is at least two weeks after the end of country specific database construction.

Heros Essay -- Essays Papers

Heros Throughout time and literature hero’s have not changed physically but the people who are looked to as hero’s has. A hero is someone who goes above and beyond what is required to help someone in need. Hero’s come in many shapes and sizes, and carry many similar but different qualities. Hero’s are kind people who truly care for others without any alterrior motives. People who care and donate their time, energy, love, and kindness to others. Also a person who is brave, daring and courageous are considered hero’s. Most hero’s have alterrior motives. They look to things such as money popularity, repaying debt, fame or higher standard of living. Some people pretend to be a her for being a hero. They try to come off as a person who cares but usually have another agenda bes...

Analyzing Pro Forma Statements Essay

Financial statements that are prepared by a company to consider the effects of potential activity is considered a pro forma statements. A financial statement shows the projected or forecast of operating results and balance sheet, and statement of cash flows. The company XYZ Company Inc. is planning to expand their company in the next five years. This paper will review and discuss XYZ’s Company’s five year plan to expand to their organization. The XYZ Companies pro forma income statement is projected for the next five years which accounts for a 10% increase in gross sales for each of the five years. Financial managers use Proforma statements to assist financial managers to plan accordingly in terms of the company’s financial needs. By acquiring the company’s future income statement and balance sheets, managers can determine how much financing is needed and when it is needed. The Proforma analysis has become the proven tool that can be instrumental for general managers in the planning of employment intensities, inventory and problem solving issues. Proforma can also be used for more than just a forecasting tool. It can also be used for creating mid-stream corrections, evaluate variances, gauge weaknesses, strengths and evaluating performance during the budgeting period. By forecasting Proforma statements are created to predict balances at a certain date followed by combining them with a financial statement format. Acquiring the forces that influence them, one can determined how account balances are forecasted and project how the accounts may be influenced. The following is used to illustrate the ProForma’s five year projection process for XYZ’s Company. Revenue will increase twice in the year 2011 and afterwards continue to increase 10% in the next year. Cost of revenue will be based on total sales percentage. Presented is the Performa statement of the organization for the next five years. XYZ Company Inc.: 2011|2012|2013|2104|2015 It has been established that in the above Proforma balance sheet one has assumed that current liability and current asset has increased in the ratio of sales. In addition, the company has taken on a loan to meet the capital expansion as well as working capital’s needs. Reference University of Phoenix, (2015) â€Å"Analyzing Pro Forma Statements† retrieved from https://newclassroom3.phoenix.edu/Classroom/#/contextid/OSIRIS:44656217/context/co/view/activityDetails/activity/53c06956-87e9-4050-8ecc-815e914705e0/expan

The Changing Trend in Counselling Psychology: Internet Counselling as a Psychotherapy Practice

Introduction The emergence of counselling psychology as a distinct profession in the United Kingdom two decades ago was a significant pointer that the field’s practitioners, represented by the British Psychological Society, had finally recognised that the field is unique in terms of identity and practicing philosophy. This recognition is captured in the definition by the Society that counselling psychology is a value based approach to counselling as a profession, and puts emphasis on the counselling primacy or relationship-oriented approach based on therapeutic observation (Milton, 2010). However, amidst the recognition are challenges, both present and potential, affects and will continue to challenge the effectiveness of counselling psychology as a noble profession. The challenges, as a matter of fact, are based on the modes of delivery of delivery of counselling psychology. Presently, scholars and practitioners have identified issues, such as technological revolution challenges, ethical dilemmas in relation to health maintenance organisations, psychologists facing certain challenges including prescription delivery services, and challenges with empirical research based support system among many other issues. Although these issues are no doubt a big concern currently, the biggest debate has revolved around the role of technology in counselling psychology, considering that the literature about this area is hard to come by. The growing dilemmas are based on the impact of technology on the growth of counselling psychology and, at the same time, the challenges that come with its increased use, given the nature of counselling psychology services modes (Gackenbach, 2011). Internet Counselling Technology has become part of almost every household, and is predicted to continue having tremendous impact on the lives of families and households, particularly in the spheres of economic, socio-political and cultural aspects. In fact, internet technology has not only affected how families and households buy or sell things online through ecommerce trading platforms, but has also had a tremendous impact on physical and mental health of many people around the world. Health professional practitioners have, therefore, incorporated internet into one of their modes of transferring services to the care receivers or clients. In turn, the general public, including those in need of counselling services, can access these services from home within minutes, and cost effectively. However, the inherent challenges when delivering counselling services via internet cannot be assumed, and has attracted unending debate not only on its viability but also its effectiveness as compared to the traditional in-person mode of counselling (Reamer, 2013). The question would therefore be on whether advantages of internet counselling supersede its disadvantages. The British Psychological Society established a â€Å"Division of Counselling Psychology: Professional Practice Guidelines† in 2006 (Reamer, 2013), which emphasised the need to have a balanced approach to counselling psychology service delivery methods. For instance, they state that the practitioners should not assume any form of automatic superiority over any one in terms of experience, feeling, value, and know-how. They also state that any practitioners should be ready to challenge the views of persons who pathologise on the basis of â€Å"sexual orientation, disability, class origin, or racial identity and religious and spiritual views† among other critical aspects of the society (British Psychological Practice, 2006, cited in Reamer, 2013, p.169). The concept of not assuming one-way knowledge in counselling psychology has led to a number of challenges, particularly with the increasingly growing technology-laden population, including those in need of counselling and psychological support. In certain cases, the client may not have the adequate mental capacity to interpret certain information, thus leading to miscommunication. In other words, the client may wrongly interpret a message as critical or not friendly, thus end up feeling hurt or injured. After all, online interaction sessions do provide neither counselling psychologist nor client with shared environment. Internet psychotherapy sessions may suffer from miscommunication between the psychotherapist and client. In any case, studies have shown that miscommunication may inadvertently harm the client and possibly increase trauma after the disclosure of important facts about them (Gackenbach, 2011). For example, text or email based communication is prone to miscommunication since the more important non-verbal cues are missing. Moreover, most counselling psychologists are mainly trained on in-person techniques. The counselling psychologist may, thus, lack the writing skills necessary to adequately express meanings in written words. (Patrick, 2006) As technology pushes people o the brink of being an entirely online society, the viability of internet counselling will remain a thorny issue as it is apparent that certain aspects of counselling psychology could be more difficult to deal with than others. Most professional organisations unanimously recommend that counselling therapists practicing online counselling sessions should continue using the basic ethical standards applied in the in-person psychotherapy sessions (Luepker, 2012). Some of the recommendations are based on the need to adhere to the informed consent used in in-person counselling, including informing the clients about risks, benefits, available safeguards, limitations, and exceptions to confidentiality and privacy, identity verification, limiting practice to the scope of one’s qualification, accurately representing themselves and their licensure status, finding solutions to the potential harm that may arise from dual roles, and establishing emergency respon se for clients in different geographical locations (Gackenbach, 2011). However, the question that has never been answered is how to deal with clients coming from different jurisdiction locations with varied laws and legal procedures. In addition, a therapist may find it extremely difficult to handle a case where a client threatens to commit suicide. Informed consent, Disclosure and Confidentiality The introduction of diverse digital versions in the counselling psychology practice has brought with it diverse problems related to informed consent, disclosure and confidentiality. However, like any other internet usage, the concept of informed consent, disclosure and confidentiality still lingers as serious sources of dilemma. The lack of physical presence may make it difficult to verify identity, thus may lead to psychotherapist treating a minor without parental knowledge, and this consent (Gackenbach, 2011). When such occurrence become rampant, there is likely to be more actions from policy makers to protect the majority from the possible breach of informed consent in the context of internet counselling. Within the context of informed consent is the issue of confidentiality, a critical aspect of counselling psychology. Studies have shown that internet is not a secure platform to assure the preservation of confidentiality (Barak, 2008). Although psychotherapists are advised to inform the clients of the potential dangers and risks associated with modes of service delivery, including breach of confidentiality and experimental nature of the process, this kind of advice still leaves gaps in better ways in which confidentiality can be maintained, a concern that is unlikely to end any time soon. Accuracy in assessment and monitoring effectiveness of interventions One of the first steps in the counselling process is to assess and monitor the client (Milton, 2010) However, with barriers in the virtual world, it is may be difficult to accurately assess and monitor the patients during service delivery sessions. It is important to note that virtual interaction means lost contact, which is an integral part of achieving the goals of counselling psychology as outlined by the British Psychological Society. Moreover, one of the perspectives that were present during the formative periods of counselling psychology is the need for psychologist to understand people as relational beings. In the process of fostering collaborations with people as well as contexts that draw on a range of perspectives, including the traditional views of people as independent entities, counselling psychology has always recognised that relational perspectives have significant contribution to make on not only understanding people but also help the clients work towards bettering their wellbeing (Patrick, 2006). However, this relationship is lost through lack of physical interaction between the psychologist and the client. Moreover, the psychologist’s inability to focus on other family members and intimate partners obviously jeopardises any chance of learning the relationship between the clients and their significant others. As Barnett (2005) states, failure to understand the relationship between clients and people close to them may make it difficult to assess the former’s self-esteem, likes, cultural upbringing and socio-political background. The controversy that is likely to extend over a long period of time is the criteria in which internet psychotherapy sessions can be evaluated. While the traditional in-person counselling therapy has elaborate theoretical frameworksand models that support its use, internet counselling psychotherapy does not have any historical frameworks and models that guide its use. Although most psychotherapists have solely relied on relational counselling, they still run short because of the inability to establish therapeutic relationships with clients. At present, the main concern is how the traditional models can be interpreted into online models. Barak et al (2008) observed that internet-based interventions in the field of counselling psychology have been used for over a decade. However, no clear analysis of its effectiveness has been forthcoming. They, however, recommend adoption of online counselling as a legitimate option in offering psychotherapeutic counselling sessions. Still, they warn t hat the psychotherapists must be willing to use online counselling with strong ethical issues in mind. Ethical challenges The other challenge is the ethical issues that emerge from counselling psychology practice. In the field of practice of counselling psychology, one of the potential current issues is how to enforce ethical code of conducts, including ensuring psychologists only practice within their areas of competence based on qualifications in terms of training as well as experience (Patrick, 2006). In addition, the psychologists are expected to take reasonable steps in ensuring their work follow necessary procedures that protect clients from any possible harm. However, this challenge still poses serious challenges to the regulatory authorities as it is difficult to weed out unqualified persons from assuming counselling responsibilities at the detriment of the clients. In essence, professional accountability is still considered far from being managed. Furthermore, laws governing counselling psychology practices may be different from one geographical jurisdiction to another, with questions as to how the two persons; client and psychologist, can operate (Luepker, 2012). It has been observed that many practicing counselling psychologists have attempted to navigate through the legal and professional barriers in internet counselling by defining their online counselling services as psycho-education (Patrick, 2006). Although some online counselling may be legitimately offering purely therapeutic education services, some therapists cross the boundary and treat clients within multiple sessions, which clearly suggest therapeutic counselling sessions rather than claimed educational. This is a serious ethical breach that, although may be tamed by stricter regulatory laws and policies, may be difficult to interpret for appropriate actions to be taken. Conclusion Despite the advancement in technology and the desire to build long-standing strategies to effectively deliver appropriate services to clients in the field of counselling psychology, there are inherent challenges that remain controversial to date. Confronting the complexity of electronic media to deliver counselling sessions in the most professional manner has is one area that remains a challenge, and is expected to continue dominating this comparatively new profession. Moreover, virtual interactions are limited in the sense that the psychotherapist and the client are not connected beyond internet, hence are not able to experience the common advantages that come with physical interactions, such as nonverbal cue interpretations. Issues that have arisen, and will continue to generate debate in the foreseeable future are: miscommunication, inability to stick to professional code of ethics by some counselling psychologists, inability to assess and measure the success of online counselling sessions, and difficulty in keeping internet communications secure. In fact, these issues have been discussed and continue to dominate the profession’s sphere of influence. It may be important to state that counselling psychologists may need to participate in developing thoughtful policies and procedures related to technology use in the field of counselling psychology by involving clients in the process. Lastly, it must be important to state that whenever technological intervention affects therapeutic relationship, either positively or negatively, the impact becomes part of the profession, hence must remain in the record. References Barak , A., Hen, L., Boniel-Nissim, M. and Shapira, N. (2008). A comprehensive review and a meta-analysis of the effectiveness of internet-based psychotherapeutic interventions. Journal of Technology in Human Services, 26 (2-4): 109-160. Barnett, J.E. (2005). Online Counseling: New Entity, New Challenges. The Counseling Psychologist, 33 (6): 872-880. Gackenbach, J. (2011). Psychology and the Internet: Intrapersonal, Interpersonal, and Transpersonal Implications. Waltham, Massachusetts: Academic Press. Luepker, E.T. (2012). Record Keeping in Psychotherapy and Counseling. Protecting Confidentiality and the Professional Relationships. London: Routledge. Milton, M. (2010). Therapy and Beyond: Counseling Psychology Contributions to Therapeutic and Social Issues. New Jersey, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Patrick, P. K. S. (2006). Internet counseling: Trends, applications, and ethical issues. In P. K. S. Patrick (Ed.). Contemporary Issues In Counseling. Manuscript submitted for publication (Allyn and Bacon). Reamer, F.G. (2013). Social work in a digital age: ethical and risk management challenges. Social Work, 58(2): 163-172.

How Will We Use Tomorrows PCs essays

How Will We Use Tomorrows PCs essays Tomorrow's PCs are going to be different in many ways; they will be more powerful, they will include more facilities for multimedia, and looking further ahead, they may have features such as three dimensional displays, or wrap around virtual reality. These changes will shape the way which we use our PCs, but even without such advances, there are changes that can and will take place in the operating systems that enable us to make better use of PCs. I would like to focus here on some of the changes that I believe are desirable. So what is wrong with today's operating systems Plenty. Whereas the hardware for today's desk top PCs has advanced at an ever increasing pace, the operating systems have not matched up to the hardware. To be sure, there has been progress. The world of windows is a significant advance on the primitive command line interface of the original PC operating systems. But this represents merely a catching up with the state of the art of thirty years ago. The cost power ratio of current microprocessors would have amazed the pioneers at IBM who developed these things, but they would not have been too impressed with the operating system. One of the other things wrong with operating systems is just that - the name. I either have to spell it out all the time, or fall back on the somewhat cryptic OS; and what exactly does 'operating system' mean to the average PC user? It sounds more like something you expect to find in a hospital than on a home computer. What is needed is a name that is more user friendly, and represents better the relationship I believe should exist between the PC and the user. In a world where the average user is well used to the infra red controller to zap the TV, hi-fi or VCR, I suggest that Controller is a better word to use than operating system, so that is what I shall use. Current controllers have evolved as being little more than a way of users getting application programs to operate on their ...

List of Copper Alloys and Their Composition

List of Copper Alloys and Their Composition This is a list of copper alloys or alloys in which copper is usually the base metal. Arsenical copperBeryllium copper (beryllium)Billon (silver)Brass (zinc)Calamine brass (zinc)Chinese silver (zinc)Dutch metal (zinc)Gilding metal (zinc)Muntz metal (zinc)Pinchbeck (zinc)Princes metal (zinc)Tombac (zinc)Bronze (tin, aluminum or any other element)Aluminum bronze (aluminum)Arsenical bronzeBell metal (tin)Florentine bronze (aluminum or tin)GlucydurGuani ­nGunmetal (tin, zinc)Phosphor bronze (tin and phosphorus)Ormolu (Gilt Bronze) (zinc)Speculum metal (tin)Constantan (nickel)Copper-tungsten (tungsten)Corinthian bronze (gold, silver)Cunife (nickel, iron)Cupronickel (nickel)Cymbal alloys (Bell metal) (tin)Devardas alloy (aluminum, zinc)Electrum (gold, silver)Hepatizon (gold, silver)Heusler alloy (manganese, tin)Manganin (manganese, nickel)Nickel silver (nickel)Nordic gold (aluminum, zinc, tin)Shakudo (gold)Tumbaga (gold) What Is Latten? Through the 18th and 19th century, a copper alloy was called latten. Usually, latten referred to brass or bronze. However, sometimes latten referred to a lead alloy, tin plating on iron, or any metal prepared as a thin sheet. For this reason, copper alloys are known by more specific names today. Sources Edge, David, Paddock, John Miles (1996) [1988].  Arms and Armour of the Medieval Knight. London: Saturn Books.Erik Oberg, Franklin D. Jones and Holbrook L. Horton (1992).  Machinerys Handbook. New York: Industrial Press Inc. p.  501.

Project Managment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Project Managment - Essay Example The scope of this event covers offering the better management and support in arranging overall winter themed event in a new holiday park. Our team is going to arrange, manage and control the overall activities for the installation of the ice rinks and managing the concert at the park. In this scenario we are aimed at offering better services and opportunities to the public. This project is also aimed at offering effective management skills to overall activities of the project. The management of the new holiday park who is going to hold this event is main stakeholder of this event. After that our project management firm is also a stakeholder in this event. Most importantly public is a main stakeholder in this event. Since, the public will go to view and enjoy this event. Cost Risks: In holding event at the new holiday park we can face risk regarding the overall project completion within allocated project budget. In this scenario if project takes more cost or time the overall project cost will increase that will lead toward the failure of overall project. To complete this project within allocated time we need to plan the overall resource in way that it could offer better control on overall project costing and resource consumption. Time Risks: In this project we can have time related risk. Thus, to mitigate this kind of risk we need to complete this project within allocated time and resources. For this task we need to plan the project in a better way. Thus, we will require paying more attention on WBS and project time plan. Technical Risks: In this project we can face critical technical risks. The main risk is about the installation of the ice rinks that can involve some technical complexity. In this regard we need to establish some back up technical plan to manage this type of risks. Social Risks: In this event establishment we can disturb to local public. To effectively manage the local public affairs we need to make a social committee that can consult and

US Gulf Oil Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

US Gulf Oil - Essay Example The two articles bring out a sharp contrast between those who are for the oil drilling process and those against it. Kent Gaber in his article argues that there is the need for oil therefore; offshore drilling of the oil is the solution to the escalating oil prices.The politicians are also in support of the expansion of the drilling area to increase production of oil in order to curb the energy crisis in the country whereas Bob Keefe is more concerned of the effects to humanity and the aquatic life that would come about as a result of conducting this exercise. Gaber is for the opinion that majority of the Americans are in favor of the oil drilling process for the hope of the reduction of oil prices but kefee argues that the drilling would bring devastating effects to the aquatic life, the water movement and contribute dangerously to global warming. Gaber further argues that the oil price crisis is more complex than it is assumed by the American people. Furthermore, the unavailability of the complex drilling equipment as Gaber argues is the impediment to the drilling process leading to low production and not being able to meet the demands of oil for the American people whereas Kefee argues that lack of this equipments both for drilling and for monitoring the whole process in order to avoid the risk of spillages as lead to oil leakages and spillages and thus causing unwanted effects to the environment. The Government is in full support of the oil drilling process with the congress arguing that oil drilling is the way to go in its quest to fight the energy crisis saying that the past oil spillages are unlikely to occur due to the use of new technologies in the drilling process but at the same time there is no human endeavor without faults and hence exposing humanity to risk. (Gaber, 7&Kefee, 40) The drilling as the American people think is expected to result in immediate reduction of the global oil prices but Kefee argues that this is not the case as drilling does not directly result to decreased oil prices as it is a complex process which could take years or decades for the situation to change. The oil drilling companies are pushing further to the deeper waters where the oil is more and thus resulting to more and more exploitation of the environment. The government is in support of this as it aims to lift a ban on the drilling sites and allow more drilling to take place .Gaber argues that although the whole process is aimed at benefiting the American people, it is incredibly dirty and it could damage the precious coastal beaches. (Gaber, 8&Kefee, 15) Gaber also argues that company leases have taken place as a result of the inadequacy of oil and this therefore supports his general believe that the companies should be allowed to drill oil in order to keep them in operation but Kefee is states categorically that the more the oil the companies are allowed to exploit the more it is detrimental to the environment and the people in it. This is con strained by the fact that only a limited number of individual companies have got the technology to exploit the oil and on top of that it normally takes a long period of time before the oil starts flowing. (Gaber, 7&Kefee, 40) Kefee further says that even the long serving personalities in the oil industry such as Bullock are against the idea of allowing more exploitation of oil arguing that offshore drilling and management are not the sole solutions to the oil crisis as it involves more that just that. He further says that the risk of a tanker causing spillage is higher than the benefits that could be obtained by merely drilling more wells of oil but Gaber says that the available oil fields are limited for the increasing number of oil exploiting and drilling companies and therefore it requires expansion of these fields to cater for the increased number. Some Americans such as Jacqueline M. Lloyd believe that their status quo has changed as a result of the oil drilling and transportat ion process. The oil spillage he says has

Marketing for Financial Services Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing for Financial Services - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that Bank AlJazira has launched a new innovative â€Å"Tomouh† programme for a niche community that’s the female Saudi students. Our innovative programme is customised to fulfill all banking and financial needs of students. While studying in schools and colleges, immersed in the task of gaining knowledge for building a strong career, students don’t find any time left to fulfill your banking and investment needs, which our bank, the Bank AlJazira, has recognized well in time particularly for our female students in Saudi Arabia. The need for developing the â€Å"Tomouh† programme has been felt by the bank as our other products don’t satisfy the time schedules of our Saudi students who are very busy and are unable to avail the benefits because of their involvement with scholarship pursuits at their schools and colleges. Students can well imagine the frustration it may cause when the last date of submitting th e fees expires because there are no funds available in their pockets. It could be due to their spendthrift nature or lack of managing their finances. Bank AlJazira is offering a customised programme i.e. â€Å"Tomouh†, which will serve all their instant financial needs. Tomouh "6oumou7" programme is formulated for our Saudi Youth between the age-group of 15-24 years old. They are our star customers availing the privileges of modern Islamic banking services offered by Bank AlJazira. We need to develop a marketing strategy on this programme, the product and services of the programme. Students are our primary marketing sources to know directly from them their response to our new product. We need to organize meetings with the female student community to acquaint them with the features of the product such as uninterrupted access to the bank 24 hours a day without bunking classes! It is possible two-ways – either through our telephone banking services or our online services that students can access from anywhere whether in college, school, home or sitting and passing free time in the canteen. The best part of becoming a customer of Bank AlJazira female customers is that they can remain updated on each and every transaction and that too with total privacy and comfort of operation. Our marketing slogan should advertise our product’s compatibility with the Islamic Sharia Law (Bank AlJazira 2011). The Objective of the Marketing Plan for Financial Services T he objective of our marketing plan is to know the response of the students, how they would react to our novel â€Å"Tomouh† programme as the idea of offering a saving account to the student community has not been availed by other financial organisations in Saudi Arabia. It means our Tomouh programme should not face competition from other financial companies. We should not delay our marketing tactics to impress upon students the needs of managing their financial portfolios and initiate our marketing programmes by meeting female students through seminars for creating awareness on opening saving accounts while studying in schools and colleges so that students take time to fulfill the account opening formalities as soon as possible. We should focus on the feature of customised services being offered to the Saudi students. How they can add or snap any functionality of holding a student saving account that also provides investment solutions to their saved money at Bank AlJazira. If students feel that their spendthrift nature holds them back from saving funds, they can simply deposit their cash in their saving accounts so that when they are in dire need of it, they can withdraw funds to fulfill that need. We need to plan our marketing strategy by allaying the fears in the minds of students that they won’t be crossing the line of Islamic Sharia Law by opening a saving account in our bank. We should convince them that the purpose of the Bank AlJazira behind such an initiative is more social in nature by serving the

Citizenship Activity Log Essay Example for Free

Citizenship Activity Log Essay As a group we decided on possible ideas and we came to a conclusion of having an aim. We aim to raise basic drug awareness amongst the teenage society in our school. We want to achieve this aim by sticking up posters around the school. These posters need to be informative and eye-catching so the message can be spread effectively.  Discuss with Mrs Walton   As a group we plan to discuss our final conclusion to gain constructive feedback, to improve our general idea. We plan to put the feedback into action to produce Checking with Maiden Erlegh School   Me and David spoke to Mr. Attridge (Head of Year) about leaving earlier than usual on the day of our activity so that we will be able to teach our lesson at the right time. He told us that we needed a letter from one of our parents so that we would be able to do this. Therefore Davids mother wrote a letter to Mr. Attridge about this issue. This relates to the importance of communicating well with colleagues and bosses to be able to achieve our target. Speak to Mrs. Walton   After giving a parents letter to our school, we were told to see Mrs. Walton (Head of Citizenship) so that she would tell us what we needed to do next to be able to have permission from school for leaving early on the day of our activity. Mrs. Walton informed us that the final step was to get a letter from our parents confirming permission to be able to leave school earlier. Then she told us that we should hand it in so that the school would be able to give us permission for our activity day. This step was important because it shows that it is crucial to have written permission evidence of events in the future in order to carry it out. This influences citizenship issues such as being a responsible citizen and being able to provide enough information for work places. Research on internet   In my own time, I researched different health and fitness exercises to perform with the class in our activity. I kept the document so that I would be able to learn and use it for our event. Researching is important due to that it provides you with valuable information and sources relating to the subject.  Meeting, what we have done and future   Me and David had a meeting where we discussed what we have done so far, and what we are going to do in the future. I explained and showed the researches which I did and we talked about what we were going to do after. We realised that we still had to confirm an exact date of our event and get the permission letters from our parents. Group meetings influence ideas and improve plans towards the future. It is important because you have to gather what you have done and discuss it with your colleague or partner.

Evidenced Based Practice Guideline Essay -- Healthcare

Introduction In a fast-paced environment such as the emergency department, effective communication is imperative for a smooth working environment. Without proper communication; evidence supports decreased clinical outcomes and increased clinical errors. A study highlighted in the center for healthcare informatics, discusses the varying communication patterns and issues that are experienced by clinicians that occupied various clinical roles. (Spencer, Logan & Coiera, 2002). A look at the current evidence-based practice guidelines, the clinical question utilized is as follows: Among the ER staff nurses who received a monthly e-mail highlighting the essential points of the monthly staff meetings, what percentage can demonstrate evidence of improved communication opposed to those that did not receive e-mail during a three-month period. The target population for this particular study is a twelve bed emergency room located in a rural town of less than 250,000. The emergency room has fourteen full-time employees, eleven female and three male. Ten nurses work day shift, while four nurses work night shift. The decision to split the groups properly and without bias would be the selection of five dayshift nurses, two males and three females, and two night shift nurses, one male and one female who will receive electronic communication updates along with staff management meetings and minutes, selected randomly. The control group, the remaining seven nurses, all of which are female will not receive the same e-mail communications with updates to patient care and an increase in the information regulated by the emergency room. Because of the small sample size of registered nurses currently working in the emergency department and the inability... ... small number of staff that was involved in this study, the short time frame that the study was conducted in, and the limited amount of published research on emails in the health care industries. It is apparent from my attempt that more research need to be made. Works Cited Huber, D. L. (2010). Change and innovation. In N. O'Brien (Ed.), Leadership and Nursing Care Management (p. 68). Maryland Heights, Missouri: Saunders Elsevier. Kearnery-Nunnery, R. (2008). Change. In J. DaCunha (Ed.), Advancing Your Career: Concepts of Professional Nursing (p. 243). Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company. Lusk, E. (2006). Email: Its decision support systems inroads- An update. Science Direct, 42(1), 328-332. doi: 10.1016/j.dss.2005.01.001 Spencer, R., Logan, P., & Coiera, E. (2002). Supporting communication in the emergency room. Retrieved from http://www.chi.unsw.edu.au

Current ideas about assessment in mathematics teaching

There are many methods of reflecting upon one ‘s ain work, but carried out critically and positively, all should take to an ability to better the quality of that work. The cardinal word here is â€Å" should † . Improvement will merely take topographic point if, following the contemplation, some stairss are identified and implemented to convey about betterment. It is the intent of this paper to help that contemplation and contemplation procedure. The rubric of the essay requires rating of my instruction. The word â€Å" evaluate † is taken to intend â€Å" to judge or find the significance, worth, or quality of † , as defined by Dictionary.com. The paper will measure, in a chronological order, the instruction I carried out over a two hebdomad period. In peculiar it will analyze the appraisal techniques that I employed at each phase, and will reexamine the effectivity of the appraisal. Where appropriate the paper will propose where things could hold been done better. As the rubric dictates, this paper is a contemplation upon learning that I carried out during my first arrangement, as portion of my PGCE class. As such, it refers in the most portion to personal experience and contemplations upon that experience. The paper will hence be written chiefly in the first individual, with mentions from other parties in the 3rd individual. Having considered the appraisal employed throughout the instruction, I will so see a figure of general findings, and how assessment may impact those findings.What Is Assessment and Why Is It ImportantAssessment is a portion of all of our lives from the minute we are born, as the accoucheuse places a babe on the graduated tables. It follows us through early childhood ( as female parents and wellness visitants assess what a babe can make at each phase in their development ) , into school and beyond into employment. The facet of appraisal with which this paper is concerned is the appraisal carried out within the mathematics schoolroom. The word â€Å" appraisal † is used to denote any witting activity intended to supply information about a student ‘s accomplishment or attainment. There are four chief types of appraisal, ( as defined by Weeden, Winter and Broadfoot, 2002, p19 ) Diagnostic – to place students ‘ current public presentation Formative – to help acquisition ( including equal and self appraisal ) Summational – for reappraisal, transportation and enfranchisement Appraising – to see how well instructors or establishments are executing. Of these, formative and summational appraisal will have the most focus, with consideration being given to the effects these types of appraisal have on students ‘ acquisition. Appraising appraisal is non considered within the range of this essay. Whether appraisal is good to a student ‘s acquisition or non depends on the usage to which the information gained is put. For illustration, wellness visitants may place a nutritionary demand of a immature kid which can be corrected with the appropriate input, and likewise instructors may place an educational demand of a student which they can take stairss to turn to. William ( in Weeden, Winter, Broadfoot, 2002, p29 ) suggests â€Å" all four maps of appraisal require that grounds of public presentation or attainment is elicited, is so interpreted, and as a consequence of that reading, some action is taken † . Weeden, Winter, Broadfoot ( 2002 ) besides conclude that appraisal becomes formative when the information gained is used by the instructor and student within the learning procedure. I would besides add that it requires the consequences of the appraisal to be acted upon within a short clip frame, while feedback is still relevant. Furthermore, â€Å" inventions that include beef uping the pattern of formative appraisal green goods important, and frequently significant, larning additions † . ( Black et al. 2003, p9 ) . The purpose, hence, is to guarantee that appraisal, of all types, is used formatively wherever possible.The Class That Was TaughtThe category that I taught was a Year 9 category of 20 students. Although they were classified as a lower-attaining category ( Set 3 out of 4 ) , the scope of abilities within the category and the particular demands of a few persons warrant some brief description. One male child had arrived late from Somalia and had a limited appreciation of English, but no other particular demands. Several of the students had low reading ages, typically in the age 8 – 9 scope, and were hence challenged by some word jobs. Additionally, one of these students had moved into mainstream categories at the start of twelvemonth 9, after two old ages supported by the school ‘s â€Å" nucleus programme † , and hence sometimes needed extra support as respects concentration. Four of the students in the category were on the school ‘s SEN registry as BESD, i.e. they had behavioral, emotional or societal troubles which without careful handling could take to disruption in lessons. One-half of the category entered twelvemonth 7 with a National Curriculum assessment degree of 3b or 3a, with the balance at low degree 4. By the terminal of twelvemonth 8 all were accessed at degree 4 or 5c. Several of the students moved up by merely one or two degree points during their first two old ages at Secondary school, bespeaking some cause for concern. The category was routinely supported by a Teaching Assistant, whose function was chiefly to back up the student with EAL, but besides to supply general support as required to other students.The Topic TaughtThe subject taught was Ratio and Proportion. The Scheme of Work indicated five hours of instruction, the equivalent of six 50 minute lessons, and I set about bring forthing a subject program consequently. The really first Standard which a trainee instructor must accomplish is to â€Å" hold high outlooks of kids and immature people † ( Training and Development Agency for Schools ( TDA ) , 2010 ) . With the benefit of hindsight, I can see that the word â€Å" high † in this criterion is a word that requires considerable understanding and single application to each student. At the clip, nevertheless, I took this to intend that I should anticipate all my pupils to be able to hold on the rudimentss of a given subject within a period of learning clip, determined by me, their instructor. â€Å" Low outlooks by instructors are regarded as a much bigger job than high outlooks. † ( Weeden, Winter and Broadfoot, 2002, p64 ) . Determined that my learning would non be portion of this â€Å" bigger job † , I set about my planning with high outlooks for all my students. This position was proven to be instead excessively simplistic during the instruction, but this will be elaborated upon subsequently. The subject of ratio and proportion, harmonizing to the strategy of work, is pre-dominantly a degree 5 – 6 subject, so would by necessity be disputing for most of the students. With a comparatively unfamiliar category I felt it was of import to get down by measuring how good the category would get by with some of the cardinal mathematical constructs which would be necessary for the subject. The first activity in the instruction, hence, was to re-cap fractions understanding. In peculiar, could the pupils cut down fractions to their simplest signifier, and could they happen fractions of measures? This was mostly a diagnostic appraisal, to set up a starting point for my instruction. Having established that all students had a sound appreciation of simplifying fractions, I introduced the construct of ratios and simplifying of ratios. This was followed by sharing a stated measure by a given ratio, and happening a missing measure given one measure and a ratio. The concluding instruction activity was to present the thought of proportion and to specify the difference between proportion and ratio. The subject was completed with a summational appraisal, and by self- and peer-assessment in the signifier of production of a posting. For the intents of this paper, I will concentrate chiefly on the start of the subject and the decision of the subject, and the appraisal strategies employed at these points. Some reference will be made of the interim instruction, peculiarly with mention to the effectivity or otherwise of appraisal carried out at this phase.The TeachingRe-cap FractionsMy determination to get down this subject with a re-cap of fractions was based on the similarities that I perceive between fractions and ratio. It hence seemed logical, before get downing on a new and potentially ambitious subject, to set up how much the category already knew about fractions. As claimed by Ausubel, ( in Clarke, 2005, p12 ) , â€Å" The most of import individual factor act uponing acquisition is what the scholar already knows. Determine this and learn him consequently. † Therefore, the intent of this lesson was diagnostic appraisal to be used to inform the instruction for the balance of the subject. Although diagnostic appraisal has been found to be uneffective if it is simply used for â€Å" puting † intents, it has had benefits if used to place the single acquisition demands of a student. ( Black et al. , 2003 ) . A starter activity ( of fiting braces of tantamount fractions ) indicated that the bulk of the category had an first-class appreciation of this construct. I established this by leting students to work in braces to fit the fractions, and so inquiring persons, or their spouses, for replies. I attempted to use a â€Å" no hands up † attack, as recommended by Lee ( 2006 ) , sometimes utilizing lollipop sticks to choose students to reply. â€Å" No hands up † was a new attack for the category, and many found it hard to defy seting custodies up or shouting out ( or both ) . I would hold with Lee ‘s averment that seting hands up can take to a competitory environment for some students. I would besides propose that it can take to disinterest from other students who see no demand to acquire involved. Having established that the students possessed an ability to simplify fractions, the following relevant facet of fractions was the ability to happen a fraction of a measure, e.g. A? of 36. Using mini white boards, I was able to set up that all students could work out simple measures. It was so of import to cognize the methods they had employed and to understand their idea procedures, and I used oppugning and synergistic treatment to set up students ‘ methods. As Morgan, Watson and Tikly ( 2004, p133 ) put it, â€Å" cognizing that they can bring forth the right solution is a instead dead-end piece of cognition for the instructor. It would be more helpful to happen out the restrictions of the manner they presently see the undertaking. Knowing how they see the procedure and what they say to themselves while making it, provides you with a get downing topographic point to learn them to work out more complicated jobs. † The popular method of happening A? was halving and halving once more, which led me to revise the inquiring by inquiring how to happen 1/5th of 30. This in bend led to treatment of division and generation, and through the discourse it became evident that many had troubles with times tabular arraies. As it was non my aim in this lesson to revise times tabular arraies, generation grids were made available to students who asked for them. More students asked for the grids than I had expected, which I believe was declarative of a general deficiency of assurance with mental maths. As a signifier of distinction this was effectual for those who needed the grids, but may besides hold led to others seeking an â€Å" easy option † . In the hereafter I would seek to administer such AIDSs to merely those I believed truly needed them. However, with the usage of the generation grids it was a straight-forward following measure to travel to non-unit fractions, and all students showed sensible ability to happen fractions of measures. I stated in the debut that the intent of this lesson was mostly to execute a diagnostic appraisal. As a consequence of the lesson I had gained a assurance in my students ‘ ability to manage fractions sufficiently good to come on to the following phase. I had non, nevertheless, asked my students to self-assess whether they felt the same. As a consequence, when, towards the terminal of the whole subject, I asked the students to self-assess how they felt about the assorted parts of the subject, I was surprised to detect that about all felt that they were unable to â€Å" make fractions † . It would look evident that although I believed my students had achieved the acquisition result, by the terminal of the subject they did non portion that belief. If I had instigated self-assessment during this lesson, the consequence may hold been different, but I will ne'er cognize for certain. I agree, with the suggestion of Weeden, Winter and Broadfoot ( 2002, p73 ) , that using effectu al signifiers of ego appraisal will do students â€Å" more responsible for and involved in their ain acquisition † . This is an country that I will necessitate to look to better as I move frontward into my following stage of instruction, as â€Å" it is far more valuable for pupils themselves to take part in the appraisal procedure than for instructors to be the exclusive proctors of advancement. † ( Morgan, Watson and Tikly, 2004, p134 ) . Even though the declared intent of the lesson was diagnostic appraisal, I made some effectual usage of formative appraisal during the lesson. For illustration, I used oppugning to place the students ‘ methods, and so adjusted my oppugning in response to their replies. While this was effectual, there was range for improved usage of oppugning, to examine deeper into their degree of apprehension.Ratio and ProportionThe chief instruction of ratio and proportion was spread over three lessons. Over that period we progressed from basic apprehension of the algorithms to application of the algorithms to â€Å" existent life † type jobs. As the work was spread over three lessons I was afforded the chance to reexamine the work in students ‘ books. Mindful of the research findings ( Black et al. ; Butler ; Clarke ; Thorndike ; in Stobart, 2006 ) , I restricted my marker to placing errors and doing remarks. The research of Thorndike, carried out about a hundred old ages ago, highlighted the comparative consequence of delegating classs to work, i.e. the assignment of classs taking to pupils comparing themselves against one another. This is supported by more recent research summarised by Clarke, ( 2005 ) , to boot doing a nexus to the importance of measuring attainment against the larning aims instead than against other students. My purpose in placing students ‘ errors was to be able to turn to mistakes and misconceptions in subsequent lessons. I was able to make this to some extent, but I do non hold the grounds of a follow-up appraisal to be able to corroborate whether this was wholly successful. The comment-only marker should hold been followed up by leting the pupils clip to reexamine the remarks, and re-work their replies in line with the remarks, as stressed by Black and William ( in Clarke, 2005 ) . I did non let sufficient clip for this to be done. It may besides hold been good at this phase if I had asked the students to notice for themselves on their work, as recommended by Clarke ( 2005 ) . She suggests this as a signifier of self appraisal, whereby the student, holding identified an country for betterment, would discourse the suggestion with the instructor. The in agreement betterment would so be made either in lesson clip or as a prep activity. In general, the planning of clip to let students to utilize the feedback they have received, and the subsequent appraisal of the effects, is an country of failing that I will necessitate to better if my feedback is to be genuinely formative. Another country of appraisal which I was trying to utilize during this instruction was effectual inquiring. I found a figure of troubles with effectual oppugning in this category, which may good be common across most categories. The first challenge was trying to guarantee all students were involved, without seting undue force per unit area on students who are non comfy replying inquiries in forepart of the whole category. The usage of mated activities helped in some instances, as students were able to give â€Å" squad † replies and support each other if required. Team- or pair-working is a method which I should look to widen in the hereafter, for usage with higher-order inquiries, and to promote the usage of more mathematical linguistic communication. The usage of â€Å" Study Buddies † has been shown to promote non merely mathematical talk and look, but besides peer-assessment and self-reflection ( Lee, 2006 ) . My efforts to guarantee all students were involved in replying inquiries led to some really awkward silences as I allowed the recommended ( Black et al. , 2003 ) wait-time. With one peculiarly quiet student whom I ne'er persuaded to reply a inquiry, the issue turned out to be merely one of being â€Å" afraid to acquire it incorrect † – this was a truly unfortunate state of affairs as it transpired from the terminal of topic trial that she had an first-class appreciation of the work. Not merely was her reserve making her a ill service, but the remainder of the category would besides hold benefited greatly from her part. In add-on, even if she had â€Å" got it incorrect † , this excessively would hold been of benefit. As Lee ( 2006, p26 – 27 ) states â€Å" a incorrect reply, possibly more than the â€Å" right † one, helps the instructor buttocks what further larning students need. †End of TopicAt the terminal of the subject I decided to tra nsport out two pieces of assessment – a summational trial and a brooding self-assessment. The summational trial besides included some points from the old subject I had taught this group. Its intent was to set up how good the students had remembered subjects they had been taught throughout the old six hebdomads. I was fortunate that this trial took topographic point at the start of â€Å" Christmas hebdomad † , when it was normal pattern in the school for lessons to be more relaxed. This allowed me clip to speak separately with each student, to discourse what they had done good and where they may hold had misinterpretations. I was concerned that the students were more interested in the grade they had achieved than in the feedback I was able to give them about their acquisition. Harmonizing to Weeden, Winter and Broadfoot, ( 2002, p115 ) this is non uncommon, as â€Å" the accent is ever on grade or class and seldom do students truly care about what they really achieved. † Although this was designed as a summational appraisal, I was besides able to utilize it formatively by placing a common job with algebra, and turn toing this in the last lesson of term, thereby utilizing â€Å" the wake of trials as an chance for formative work. † ( Black et al, 2003, p55 ) They besides conclude that â€Å" summational trials should beaˆÂ ¦ a positive portion of the acquisition procedure. † ( 2003, p56 ) The self-assessment took the signifier of the production of postings summarizing all they had learnt about Ratio and Proportion. The appraisal showed a assorted degree of apprehension, and ability to pass on that apprehension, within the category. One group showed an first-class apprehension and had clearly referred back to their books to guarantee that they included all the stuff right. The EAL pupil had trouble with this activity, so I encouraged him to be really ocular with his posting. Others had taken hapless notes during the instruction and struggled to remember the information – this, in itself, was a utile acquisition point for them, as they consider the quality and utility of what they write in their books. ( Two ( contrasting ) postings are included in Attachment A ) . Overall, this was an effectual drawing together of the subject, and enabled the students to self-assess their ain acquisition, as the production of postings â€Å" aˆÂ ¦ requires pupils to reflec t upon and organize their cognition in order to pass on it † ( Morgan, Watson and Tikly, 2004, p151 ) Although this self-assessment enabled students to reflect upon their acquisition, as it took topographic point at the terminal of the subject I was unable to supply an chance for students to set their contemplations into pattern. The appraisal can non hence be described as genuinely formative. An excess lesson would hold enabled the students to move upon their contemplations, thereby doing the assessment formative.General FindingsExcessively Much MaterialA repeating job with many of my lessons was trying to suit excessively much stuff into each lesson. This resulted in me travel rapidlying to â€Å" acquire through † the lesson. I therefore allowed deficient clip for examining and higher-order inquiries. This was to the hurt of my instruction and my students ‘ acquisition as â€Å" instruction is more than make fulling a kid with facts. It starts with presenting hard inquiries † ( Spendlove, 2009, p32 ) . I was losing chances, non merely to dispute and excite some of the students, but besides to measure the deepness of their apprehension and place misconceptions at an early phase.Communication and QuestioningMuch formative appraisal can be achieved by effectual communicating and oppugning. Black et al. , found effectual oppugning â€Å" aˆÂ ¦ led to richer discourse, in which the instructors evoked a wealth of information from which to judge the current apprehension of their pupils. † ( 2003, p41 ) However, many secondary school students appear to be fresh to constructive treatment in a lesson environment, and there are considerable challenges involved in altering this state of affairs, particularly if outlooks of communicating are non consistent across a school. Add to this the excess linguistic communication dimension of the â€Å" mathematics registry † as Lee ( 2006 ) calls it, and it goes some manner to explicating the trouble I had in promoting students to speak about their mathematics. While it may be disputing, the benefits of effectual communicating to pupils ‘ larning justify attempt being spent to better the quality of communicating in lessons, as â€Å" larning can non take topographic point in a vacuity and it is at its best when there is a rich bipartisan duologue between instructor and scholar and scholar and scholar. † ( Spendlove, 2004, p44 ) The countries of communicating in which students are encouraged to go involved include replying inquiries, and explicating their thoughts and methods. This can show farther troubles with the usage linguistic communication, peculiarly for students with EAL, who may happen themselves wholly excluded from the discourse. Another group of students who may hold a similar job are those for whom such communicating is unfamiliar outside school. â€Å" Children aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ . from families where English is non the first linguistic communication may be disadvantaged by trust on unwritten interaction. † ( Morgan, Watson and Tikly, 2004, p150 ) The fact that all students are larning a new mathematical linguistic communication together could be seen as a leveler for the EAL pupils, as all pupils â€Å" aˆÂ ¦need to larn how to utilize mathematical linguistic communication to make, control and show their ain mathematical significances. † ( Pimm, in Lee, 2006, p18 ) . Much of the linguistic communication will necessitate to be learnt by both EAL and non-EAL students. As a instructor purpose on promoting the usage of mathematical discourse as portion of formative appraisal in my instruction, I will necessitate to run into these challenges creatively.ExpectationsAs mentioned earlier, I set unvarying â€Å" high outlooks † for all my students, but I had given deficient consideration to the comparative nature of the word â€Å" high † . Whilst I believe that I am right to anticipate all of my students to accomplish an apprehension of what they are being taught, how fast and to what degree are things that need to be separately agreed. This so leads to the ability of students to measure their ain advancement against agreed marks and aims. I found that one student in the category ne'er did any work in the lesson until his outlook for that lesson had been separately negotiated with him. He would so bring forth some first-class work, by and large transcending my outlooks. Ollerton, ( 2003 ) relates the importance of students disputing themselves against their ain marks, instead than viing against one another, and that in such a civilization, outlook can be high but accomplishable, holding been negotiated and agreed between student and instructor.Assessment Against LevelsA trouble which has permeated my first instruction pattern has been the definition of â€Å" degrees † at which students are working. There has been an accent placed upon students being cognizant of the degree at which they are working, and being able to measure for themselves how they are come oning against those degrees. There is a danger, nevertheless, that this can take to â€Å" clicking boxes † for each point required within the degree , without needfully developing the apprehension behind the capable stuff. This is similar to the issues raised by Skemp ( 1976 ) , sing the importance of Relational Understanding as opposed to Instrumental Understanding. It is certainly possible for a student to be assessed, both by themselves and their instructors, to be working at degree 5, for illustration, while missing the relational apprehension to use their accomplishments in other countries. I tested this concern with a Year 6 student, with current maths degree ( instructor and trial ) assessed as degree 4a/5c. Without any learning about the topic of ratios ( other than a definition of the word ratio ) , this student was able to use bing mathematical cognition and apprehension to right work out ratio and proportion inquiries graded at degree 6. My twelvemonth 9 students on the other manus, while theoretically working at the same degree, and after several lessons on the topic, were unable or unwilling to utilize their accomplishments to undertake jobs which differed from 1s they had seen antecedently. ( I say unwilling, as I suspect some of their reserve was due to a deficiency of assurance in their ability to undertake more ambitious inquiries. ) So, while both the twelvemonth 6 student and the twelvemonth 9 students are assessed as working at the same degree, my belief is that the twelvemonth 6 student shows a far greater relational apprehension, while the twelvemonth 9 students show about merely instrumental apprehension. This is supported by findings which indicate â€Å" learning how to go through trials means that pupils may be able to go through even when they do non hold the accomplishments and understanding which the trial is intended to mensurate † ( Gordon and Reese in Harlen, 2006, p79 ) . The two groups come from different backgrounds and different acquisition experiences, so it is non possible to pull any decisions, other than to state that the assignment of degrees would look to give small information sing mathematical apprehension and attainment. It is possible that the twelvemonth 6 student has been encouraged to transport out more self find of mathematical constructs, an activity in which the twelvemonth 9 group were loath to prosecute. It concerns me that students are encouraged to mensurate their accomplishment by being able to click boxes instead than understand and use their mathematics. This leads to the consideration of students ‘ motive – what they want to acquire from their instruction.Motivation to LearnA uninterrupted challenge in all lessons has been promoting students to desire to larn. Pupils frequently ask the inquiry, â€Å" Why do I need to cognize this? â€Å" , and I confess to sometimes happening this a hard inquiry to reply. One of the primary countries I would seek to better in my instruction is my ability to actuate my students to larn, but first I must understand motive. There are two chief types of motive which encourage students to be in lessons ( as defined by Harlen, 2006 ) – extrinsic, where they are motivated by an external end such as deriving a making, and intrinsic, where they are motivated by the end of larning itself. â€Å" Intrinsic motive is seen as the ideal, since it is more likely to take to a desire to go on larning, than larning motivated extrinsically. † ( Harlen, 2006, p62 ) , and â€Å" intrinsic motive is associated with degrees of battle in larning that lead to conceptual apprehension and higher degree believing accomplishments † ( Kellaghan et al. , in Harlen, 2006, p63 ) . So, possibly I could hold used appraisal more efficaciously to increase the intrinsic motive of my students. The work of Harlen, ( 2006 ) identifies possible negative effects of appraisal on student motive, which mostly relate to summative appraisal and judgmental feedback. She besides goes on to depict patterns that maintain motive degrees, including affecting students in self-assessment ( Schunk ) , and the usage of feedback from regular classwork. None of this, nevertheless, leads to a decision that appraisal can assist increase intrinsic motive. Further factors need to be considered in finding whether this is the instance. There is surely grounds that formative appraisal can raise achievement degrees, as identified by Black et Al ( 2003 ) , but I do non believe that is needfully the same as raising intrinsic motive. Increased intrinsic motive is most likely to originate from bring forthing a echt involvement in what is being learnt, and hence lead to a desire to go on that larning throughout life. As Clarke ( 2005 ) claims, affecting pupils in their ain acquisition procedure has had the proved consequence of making life-long, independent scholars. Harlen ( 2006 ) describes two types of involvement – single involvement and situational involvement. Students with single involvement in mathematics will persist more and are likely to accomplish good. Sadly, nevertheless, non all students will hold single involvement. Either signifier of involvement will promote students to be involved in acquisition, so the instructor must try to make situational involvement, for illustration, through games. Having encouraged the students ‘ engagement through situational involvement, non merely will they get down to larn, but they may besides develop single involvement. One of the keys to making situational involvement is guaranting the students know what they are larning and why, and so supplying formative feedback to the student. Hence the importance of formative feedback in making involvement, taking to intrinsic motive. â€Å" no curricular inspection and repair, no instructional invention, no alteration in school administration, no toughening of criterions, no rethinking of instructor preparation or compensation will win if pupils do non come to school interested in, and committed to, larning. † ( Steinberg, in Weeden, Winter, Broadfoot, 2002, p9 ) It appears, hence, to be of critical importance that instructors use formative techniques to increase the intrinsic motive of their students to larn. At the same clip, they should avoid actions which will cut down their intrinsic motive.DecisionsThere have been several surveies over the old ages sing the impact of appraisal on students ‘ acquisition, notably the work of Black and William, at the abetment of the Assessment Reform Group. These surveies have concluded that for appraisal to raise the criterions of students ‘ attainment it must be used formatively. ( Black et al. , 2003 ) Reflecting upon my ain instruction and my students ‘ acquisition, I must admit that there are many ways in which my pattern can be improved. These include usage of higher-order inquiries, leting for self-discovery of mathematical constructs and leting clip for students to move upon feedback. It is still a duty of the instructor to fix students for external scrutinies, and to describe advancement to interested parties. As such it is necessary to strike a balance between the usage of formative appraisal to back up acquisition, and summational appraisal for coverage intents, but besides to fix students for taking external scrutinies. However, â€Å" There is ample grounds that the alterations involved ( in bettering formative appraisal ) will raise the tonss of their pupils on normal, conventional trials. † ( Black et al. , 2003, p2 ) The expression goes, â€Å" the hog does n't acquire fatter merely by being weighed † . Harmonizing to Weeden, Winter, Broadfoot, 2002, p36, Formative Assessment could be an exclusion to this regulation. In this peculiar instance, repeated and ongoing appraisal could really assist to better the quality of acquisition, if the information gleaned from the appraisal is used to do it go on.